To find out what unique indexes are in a table issue:


In the above case, there is a unique index / key named 'unique_user' on 'user' column.

To drop the unique key run:

To rename a mysql table from old_name to new_name, command is:

Here are the ICMP types supported by FreeBSD / OpenBSD PF firewall:

Here is the pf.conf syntax for allowing icmp packets:

And below is a list of supported icmp types:

Q1. What are OSPF packets? What do they do?
Answer: There are 5 OSPF packets:
Hello: Discover neighbors.
DD (Data Description): Exchange LSDB catalog (LSA headers).
Request: Ask neighbor to send LSA that I don't have.
Update: Send LSA requested by neighbors.
Ack: Tell Update sending router that I have received your Update.
Q2: What are neighbor states? What do they do?
Answer: There are 7 states:
Down. Neighbor is gone. E.g. neighbor is down, ...

OSPF is a complex protocol. To help beginners grasp abstract its concepts, a different approach is taken -- Visualizing OSPF simulation. This tutorial, OSPF basic, simulates the basic OSPF activities on a simple topology: H1-R1-R2-H2. R1 and R2 are routers. H1 and H2 are hosts. This simulation shows 4 stages:
1) R1 and R2 are not running OSPF. H1 ping H2. It fails.
2) Start OSPF on two routers. R1 and R2 discover each other ...

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This is most probably because of the /var/log/wtmp file which, if it goes over ~4.5GB, getty processes will not be able to create virtual terminals and all sorts of login problems from here on (sshd, telnet and so on).

It can happen that nemesis installation to fail because the configure script cannot find libnet. THis is not nemesis's fault, it's the admin's fault (mine and yours :D ).
Nemesis configure script error:

You can download Nemesis tool from http://nemesis.sourceforge.net/ and libnet library from http://code.google.com/p/ips-builder/downloads/detail?name=libnet-1.0.2a.tar.gz&can=2&q=

Untar Libnet first and enter the directory:


make sure your PATH variable contains the directory where libnet-config is. (after installing libnet, it should be in /usr/lib)
Install nemesis:


Now Nemesis is ready to use.

ffmpeg: error while loading shared libraries: libavdevice.so.52: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

After installling ffmpeg on CentOS 4.8 the above error apears when running ffmpeg for the first time.

Running ldd utility shows that ffmpeg binary is dynamically linked to libraries which cannot be found:
# ldd `which ffmpeg`
libavdevice.so.52 => ...